States of Matter - Introduction

States of matter

Anything around us that has mass and takes space is called Matter

Matter can be available as one of three states

Solid

Liquid 

and Gases

The kinetic particle theory explains the properties of the different states of matter. The particles in solids, liquids and gases have different amounts of energy. They are arranged differently and move in different ways.

Diagram of particle arrangement and movement

The table below summarizes the arrangement and movement of the particles in solids, liquids and gases, and shows simple diagrams for the arrangement of the particles.

Solids

The table shows some of the properties of solids and why they are like this.

Property	Why
Solids have a fixed shape and cannot flow	The particles cannot move from place to place
Solids cannot be compressed or squashed	The particles are close together and have no space to move into

Liquids

The table shows some of the properties of liquids and why they are like this.

Property	Why
Liquids flow and take the shape of their container	The particles can move around each other
Liquids cannot be compressed or squashed	The particles are close together and have no space to move into

Gases

The table shows some of the properties of gases and why they are like this.

Property	Why
Gases flow and completely fill their container	The particles can move quickly in all directions
Gases can be compressed or squashed Take A Quiz here	The particles are far apart and have space to move

CHAPTER - 1 - The particulate nature of matter - All Material Cambridge IGCSE

Chapter 1 States of matter introduction . 

Chapter 1 Changes to states of matter . 
Chapter 1 Heating and cooling curves .
Chapter 1 The kinetic particle model
Chapter 1 Brownian motion
Chapter 1 Diffusion
Chapter 1 Explanation presentation



Chapter 1 Hand written notes :-



Page 1
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7



Chapter 1 Skills Required
Chapter 1 Book
Quiz
Questions














Syllabus overview :-

Cambridge IGCSE CHAPTER - 1 - The particulate nature of matter - Skills Required

1. Know that all matter is made of particles

2. Compare All matter states according to arrangement of particles and how close they are together

3. Describe the attraction forces between these particles , and the type and speed of particles motion

4. Compare physical and chemical changes to matter

5. Explain what is meant by 

• Evaporation

• Boiling

• Condensation

• Melting

• Freezing

• Sublimation

6. Show how changes of physical states can be explained according to kinetic theory

relating effect of temperature change on particles movement , kind of attraction forces and the effect on matter structure 

7. Effect of temperature and pressure on motion of gas particles 

8. Explain Random motion of particles (Brownian motion) and how particles random movement and collision in liquids and gases prove the kinetic theory of matter , and how particles move randomly due to being bombarded by other moving particles

9 Define and understand what is Diffusion

as movement of particles from high to low concentration

10 Understand why diffusion occurs only in liquid and gas states but not in solid state

 

11 Describe and explain how the rate of diffusion depends on molecular mass

and how the smaller the mass the greater the average speed of molecules

(all molecules have same average kinetic energy at the same temperature , so smaller molecules make particles diffuse faster

Chapter - 1 - Learning outcomes

Diffusion - Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620

Diffusion is the free movement of particles of matter freely in all directions due to random motion






as we discussed earlier the movement of particles in all states of matter and the space between particles and movement speed we can see how these particles can move in between other phase or in the same phase

like can the particles of one gas move freely in between the particles of another gas , or even in between liquid particles

we can see how NO₂ molecules can diffuse in between the components of air .
or how can a fizzy drink have the particles of CO₂ gas move freely in between the water molecules


since the movement of particles of gases is less restricted than those in solid or liquid states;Diffusion is more common to happen in the gas particles among other gas or among liquid state


The liquid particles can also diffuse in between other liquid or in gasif you spray water in the air you can see how liquid particles of water can move freely in between air particles

and also ethanol molecules can spread and diffuse in between water molecules


and also the solid particles in between a liquid or in a gas

In case of solid particles since there is no space between particles it is impossible for any type of phase to diffuse between them .


Diffusion of gases is quick because the particles of a gas move quickly. It happens even faster in hot gases.





so we can define




Diffusion


as : the free movement of particles of matter freely in all directions in between other particles




Because of the continuous motion which is irregular and random the particles can start moving (diffuse) from one place to another


The speed of this motion depends on some factors , the most important of which is the mass of the moving particles

The higher the mass of the particles the slower is the motion and vice versa

as we can see in the following experiment








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check the rest of the topic


Download as PDF_ :

Check the rest of The Topic (Particulate Nature of Matter)


Check also
Chapter 1 States of matter introduction . Chapter 1 Changes to states of matter .
Chapter 1 Heating and cooling curves . Chapter 1 The kinetic particle model
Chapter 1 Brownian motion Chapter 1 Diffusion Chapter 1 Explanation presentation