Showing posts with label Chapter 14. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Chapter 14. Show all posts

CHAPTER - 14 - Organic Chemistry - learning outcomes


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Introduction - Organic Chemistry - Notes Cambridge IGCSE

NOTES


Homologus series
are a family of similar compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties 

All Homologus series members 
Have the same general formula
Have the same chemical properties
Contain the same Functional groups
Differ from one before in the series by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms CH2
Show a gradual increase in the physical properties



let's start by alkanes (click here for Alkanes Topic)





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Alcohols - Organic Chemistry - IGCSE CHEMISTRY Cambridge Notes

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Fractional Distillation - Organic chemistry - IGCSE CHEMISTRY Cambridge

Please see this nice slides first , click here

Basic concept each fraction rises up the column because the temperature at the bottom is high so it evaporates as gas , once it reaches a temperature less than its boiling point it condenses and gets separated









Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules .The molecules are chemically bonded with strong covalent bonds. but contain different numbers of carbon atoms.
The weak attractive forces between molecules have to be broken for the hydrocarbon to boil.The longer a hydrocarbon molecule is the stronger the intermolecular forces are between the molecules . The stronger forces means it needs more energy to overcome the large forces so higher boiling point is required.



Still after Fractional distillation the molecules are not very useful that is why we move to next step
Cracking


Other Topics to check 
  1. Introduction to Organic Chemistry
  2. Organic Compounds family 
  3. Homologus series
  4. Hydrocarbons
  5. Alkanes
  6. Naming Alkanes
  7. Drawing alkanes
  8. obtaining Alkanes
  9. Saturated hydrocarbons
  10. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
  11. Alkenes
  12. Naming Alkenes
  13. Drawing alkenes
  14. Functional groups
  15. Alcohols
  16. Carboxylic acids
  17. Fuels
  18. Crude oil
  19. Fractional distillation of Crude oil
  20. Fractions produced by Crude oil
  21. Cracking hydrocarbons
 Or check the Full Organic Chemistry Menu

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Carboxylic acids - Organic Chemistry - IGCSE CHEMISTRY Cambridge Notes

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Fossil Fuels - Organic Chemistry - IGCSE CHEMISTRY Cambridge Notes

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Cracking - organic chemistry - IGCSE CHEMISTRY Cambridge Notes

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Alkenes - Organic Chemistry - IGCSE CHEMISTRY Cambridge Notes











Alkenes Production


Addition Reactions
Is a reaction where two or more molecules react together to form one larger molecule and no other products.


In Alkenes Addition Reaction the double bond is 
broken and molecules add across it




This is called Hydrogenation ; it is type of saturation as unsaturated Alkene is changed to saturated alkane that is why is called also saturation 
this will change vegetable oils that contain unsaturated fats (fats with C=C double bonds) into saturated harder margarine .




we will see later one more addition reaction where water (steam) is added to the alkene
and alcohol is produced






Topics to Check Now

Next Topic  : Alcohols

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Alkanes - Organic Chemistry - IGCSE CHEMISTRY Cambridge Notes




let's start by alkanes


Alkanes introduction








Part 2
Alkanes Reactions







Next Topic  : Alkenes

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